Make `--patch` compatible with git diff patches

Filenames in git diff patches are prefixed by default by "a/" (source)
and "b/" destination. Such patches don't work with ruby-builds `--patch`
option since it internally uses `patch -p0`.

Prior workarounds were to use either an intermediate step:

    filterdiff --strip=1

or to generate the patch without the prefix in the first place:

    git diff --no-prefix ...

Now, git diff patches are detected by searching for this pattern:

    diff --git a/...

And `patch -p1` is used by default in such cases to strip the 1st
component of filename paths.

Fixes #521, closes #484